All of the C++ info has been gathered from www.cplusplus.com published by Juan Soulie

And also www.cppreference.com by www.cppreference.com/credits.html

For further details, refer to those two sites. This quick reference closely follows Soulie's site and samples, to make it easier to go back and forth.

Last Updated: 7/27/2006

Aurora info gathered from The Help files and the Aurora Forums by Paul Turley and all the great members of the forums.
Compiled by kryton9 and ?

C++ Notes

C++

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

C++ Preprocessor Directives

manipulate strings

#, ##

define variables

#define

same as c++

used to undefine variables

#undef

conditional operators

#ifdef

same as c++

conditional operators

#ifndef

same as c++

conditional operators

#if

conditional operators

#endif

same as c++

conditional operators

#else

same as c++

conditional operators

#elif

set line and file information

#line

display an error message

#error

insert the contents of another file

#include

same as c++

implementation specific command

#pragma

not used/supported

*#define

not used/supported

#asm

not used/supported

#autodefine

Aurora supports auto-definition of variables by default unless turned of with #autodefine "off"

not used/supported

#typedef

not used/supported

#undeclare

not used/supported

#use

C++ Notes

C++ Predefined Macro Names

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

_LINE_

not used/supported

_FILE_

not used/supported

_DATE_

not used/supported

_TIME_

not used/supported

_cplusplus

not used/supported

C++ Notes

C++ Program Structure

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

namespace

not used/supported

int main ()

{

}

global sub main()

{

}

// line comment

same as c++

/*  block comment  */

same as c++

C++ Identifiers Examples

a

same as c++

a1

same as c++

a_1

same as c++

No spaces. No symbols. Can't start with a number. Is case sensitive.

same as c++ except not case sensitive.

Not case sensitive

C++ Notes

C++ Program Keywords

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

not used/supported

alias

same as using  &&

and

same as c++

same as using  &=

and_eq

not used/supported

not used/supported

as

insert an assembly instruction

asm

not used/supported

declare a local variable

auto

not used/supported

same as using bit operator &

bitand

not used/supported

same as using bit operator |

bitor

not used/supported

declare a boolean variable

bool

break out of a loop

break

same as c++

not used/supported

baselen

not used/supported

byref

not used/supported

byte

not used/supported

byval

a block of code in a switch statement

case

same as c++

handles exceptions from throw

catch

not used/supported

declare a character variable

char

not used/supported

Apparently Linux C++ uses this?

not used/supported

cdecl

declare a class

class

same as c++

same as using bit operator ~

compl

not used/supported

declare immutable data or functions that do not change data

const

same as c++

cast from const variables

const_cast

not used/supported

bypass iterations of a loop

continue

not used/supported

def

default handler in a case statement

default

same as c++

make memory available

delete

looping construct

do

same as c++

declare a double precision floating-point variable

double

same as c++

not used/supported

dstring

perform runtime casts

dynamic_cast

not used/supported

alternate case for an if statement

else

same as c++

create enumeration types

enum

not used/supported

only use constructors when they exactly match

explicit

not used/supported

intended to allow template definitions to be separated from their declarations (not supported by some compilers)

export

tell the compiler about variables defined elsewhere

extern

the boolean value of false

false

same as c++

declare a floating-point variable

float

same as c++

looping construct

for

same as c++

grant non-member function access to private data

friend

not used/supported

not used/supported

global

jump to a different part of the program

goto

same as c++

Definition: memory from this area allocated during execution using the new operator in C++

not used/supported

heap

execute code based off of the result of a test

if

same as c++

optimize calls to short functions

inline

not used/supported

not used/supported

import

declare a integer variable

int

same as c++

not used/supported

int64

not used/supported

interface

not used/supported

len

declare a long integer variable

long

not used/supported

override a const variable

mutable

not used/supported

partition the global namespace by defining a scope

namespace

not used/supported

allocate dynamic memory for a new variable

new

same as c++

same as using !

not

same as c++

same as using !=

not_eq

not used

not used/supported

null

create overloaded operator functions

operator

not used/supported

same as using ||

or

same as c++

same as using |=

or_eq

not used/supported

not used/supported

pointer

not used/supported

print

declare private members of a class

private

not used/supported

declare protected members of a class

protected

not used/supported

declare public members of a class

public

not used/supported

request that a variable be optimized for speed

register

not used/supported

change the type of a variable

reinterpret_cast

not used/supported

return from a function

return

same as c++

not used/supported

select

declare a short integer variable

short

not used/supported

modify variable type declarations

signed

not used/supported

return the size of a variable or type

sizeof

not used/supported

not used/supported

sprint

create permanent storage for a variable

static

not used/supported

perform a nonpolymorphic cast

static_cast

not used/supported

not used/supported

string

define a new structure

struct

same as c++

not used/supported

sub

execute code based off of different possible values for a variable

switch

same as c++

create generic functions

template

not used/supported

a pointer to the current object

this

same as c++

throws an exception

throw

not used/supported

the boolean value of true

true

same as c++

execute code that can throw an exception

try

not used/supported

create a new type name from an existing type

typedef

not used/supported

describes an object

typeid

not used/supported

declare a class or undefined type

typename

not used/supported

a structure that assigns multiple variables to the same memory location

union

same as c++

declare an unsigned integer variable

unsigned

same as c++

not used/supported

until

import complete or partial namespaces into the current scope

using

not used/supported

not used/supported

va_start

create a function that can be overridden by a derived class

virtual

same as c++

declare functions or data with no associated data type

void

warn the compiler about variables that can be modified unexpectedly

volatile

not used/supported

declare a wide-character variable

wchar_t

not used/supported

looping construct

while

same as c++

not used/supported

word

same as using ^

xor

same as c++

same as using ^=

xor_eq

C++ Notes

C++ Fundamental Data Types

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

1byte

signed: -128 to 127 unsigned: 0 to 255

char

byte

1 byte

2bytes

signed: -32,768 to 32,767 unsigned: 0 to 65,535

short int (short)

word

2 bytes

4bytes

signed: -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned: 0 to 4,294,967,295

int

int

4bytes

4bytes

signed: -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned: 0 to 4,294,967,295

long int (long)

int64

8 bytes an integer from 0 -18446744073709551615 (if unsigned)

1byte

true or false

bool

4bytes

3.4e +/- 38 (7 digits)

float

float

8bytes

1.7e +/- 308 (15 digits)

double

double

12bytes

1.7e +/- 308 (15 digits)

long double

2bytes

1 wide character

wchar_t

not used/supported

pointer

an address

not used/supported

string

string of characters up to a length of 255

not used/supported

dstring

a dimensionable string that can contain any number of characters

not used/supported

wstring

a unicode string up to a length of 255 characters

not used/supported

dwstring

a dimensionable unicode string that can contain any number of characters

C++ Notes

C++ Valid Variable Declarations

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

int a;

same as c++

float mynumber;

same as c++

int a, b, c;

same as c++

int a;

int b;

int c;

same as c++

unsigned short int NumberOfSisters;

unsigned int NumberOfSisters;

int MyAccountBalance;

same as signed int MyAccount

signed int MyAccountBalance;

int MyAccountBalance;

Aurora defaults to signed unless unsigned is used as above.

short is equivalent to short int

long is equivalent to long int

signed is equivalent to signed int

unsigned is equivalent to unsigned int

C++ Notes

C++ Scope of Variables

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

While a local variable is one declared within the body of a function or a block. Global variables can be referred from anywhere in the code even inside functions, whenever it is after its declaration.

A variable can be either of global or local scope. A global variable is a variable declared in the main body of the source code outside all functions.

C++ Notes

C++ Initialization of Variables

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Both ways of initializing variables are valid and equivalent in C++.

type identifier = initial_value ;

same as c++

int a = 0;

same as c++

string mystring = "This is a string";

same as c++

type identifier (initial_value) ;

int a (0);

not used/supported

type identifier (initial_value) ;

string mystring ("This is a string");

not used/supported

Strings can also perform all the other basic operations that fundamental data types can, like being declared without an intial value and being assigned values during execution.

string mystring;

mystring = "This is the initial string content";

same as c++

C++ Notes

C++ Constants

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

the 5 in this piece of code was a literal constant.

literal    a = 5;

same as c++

75 decimal

75

same as c++

75 octal

0113

75 hexadecimal

0x4b

We can force them to either be unsigned by appending the u character to it or long by appending l. (lowercase L)

75   //int

75u  //unsigned int

75l  //long

75ul  //unsigned long

Default type for floating point literals is double If you explicitly want to express a float or long double. In this case the case does not matter.

3.14159    //3.14159 

6.02e23    //6.02 x 1023

1.6e-19    //1.6 x 10-19

3.0    //3.0

3.14159L    // long double

6.02e23f    // float

When writing both single character and string literals it is necessary to put the quotation marks surrounding them to distinguish them from possible variable identifiers or reserved keywords.

'z'

'p'

"Hello World"

"How do you do?"

Hello World"

"How do you do?"

'z' and 'p' are not used, that is single quotes not supported

boolean literals and are values of type bool

true

false

same as c++

defined constants. uses less memory than having variables. since this is a preprocessor directive a ; is not required at the end.

#define identifier value

#define PI 3.14159265

#define NEWLINE '\n'

declared constants (const)

you can declare constants with a specific type. If none is given, int is used.

const int pathwidth = 100;

const char tabulator = '\t';

const zipcode = 124400;

C++ Notes

C++ Escape Codes

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Newline

\n

same as c++

Carriage return

\r

Horizontal tab

\t

same as c++

Vertical tab

\v

Backspace

\b

Formfeed  (page feed)

\f

Audible bell     alert (beep)

\a

Single quote

\'

Double quote

\"

same as c++

Question mark

\?

Backslash

\\

same as c++

Hexadecimal number (nnn)

\xnnn

\xnn

An ASCII character whose hex value is 'nn'.

Octal number (nnn)

\nnn

Null character (really just the octal number zero)

\0

C++ Notes

C++ Assignation Operators

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

assign a value to a variable

 =  

same as c++

assigns 5 to all 3 variables.

a = b = c = 5;

not used/supported

C++ Notes

C++ Arithmetic Operators

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Addition

 +

same as c++

Subtraction

 -

same as c++

Multiplication

  *

same as c++

Division

 /

same as c++

Modulus

 %

same as c++

Modulus. Remainder of an integer division.

C++ Notes

C++ Compound Assignation Operators

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

a += b;  is the same as a = a + b;

 +=

a=a+b:

a -= b;  is the same as a = a - b;

 -=

a=a-b:

a /= b; is the same as a = a / b;

 /=

a=a/b;

a *= b; is the same as a = a * b;

 *=

a=a*b;

C++ Notes

C++ Bitwise Compound Assignation Operators

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Bitwise shift right and assign

 >>=

Bitwise shift left and assign

 <<=

Bitwise AND and assign

 &=

Bitwise exclusive OR and assign

 ^=

(shift+ \)= Bitwise inclusive (normal) OR and assign

 |=

C++ Notes

C++ Misc. Operators

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Grouping operator:   (a + b) / 4;

 ( )

same as c++

Array access:    array[4] = 2;

 [ ]

same as c++

Member access from a pointer:    ptr->age = 34;

 ->

same as c++

Member access from an object:    obj.age = 34;

 .

same as c++

Scoping operator:    Class::age = 2;

 ::

same as c++

Member pointer selector:    ptr->*var = 24;

 ->*

Member pointer selector:    obj.*var = 24;

 .*

C++ Increment/Decrement Operators

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

a++; same as a+=1; same as a = a + 1;

 ++

same as c++

a--; same as a-=1; same as a = a - 1;

 --

same as c++

a contains 4, b contains 4

b=3;

a=++b;

b=3;

b++;

a=b;

a contains 3, b contains 4

b=3;

a=b++;

b=3;

a=b;

b++;

C++ Notes

C++ Relational and Equality Operators

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Comparison equal to

 ==

same as c++

Comparison not equal to

 !=

same as c++

Comparison  reater than

 >

same as c++

Comparison less than

 <

same as c++

Comparison greater than or equal to

 >=

same as c++

Comparison less than or equal to

 <=

same as c++

C++ Notes

C++ Logical Operators

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

not operand, inverses the value true to false, false to true

 !

same as c++

and operand

 &&

same as c++

or operand

 ||

same as c++

C++ Notes

C++ Conditional Operators

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Ternary conditional operator, returns a value if that exression is true and a different one if false.

condition ? result1 : result2

? :

not used/supported

Comma sequential operator. a = (b=3, b+2); in the end

a would contain 5 and b a value of 3.

 ,

not used/supported

C++ Notes

C++ Bitwise Operators

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

 AND

 &

same as c++

 OR inclusive OR

|   (shift+ \)

same as c++

 XOR exclusive OR

 ^

 NOT bit inversion. Bitwise complement

 ~

 SHL shift left

 <<

same as c++

 SHR shift right

 >>

same as c++

C++ Notes

C++ Explicit Type Casting Operator

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

(type) Cast to a given type

f is a float, i = (int) f; makes f an int.

another way to write it,

i = int (f);

C++ Sizeof Operator

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Return size in bytes

a = sizeof (char); a will = 1, for one byte.

C++ Notes

C++ Basic Input / Output Console Commands

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

cout is used with the insertion operator <<

cout << 120;   outputs 120

print ("120");

cin is used with the extraction operator >>

cin >> age; waits for the RETURN key to be entered to process the input.

age = readln();

to input strings properly should use getline with cin.

getline (cin, mystr);

name = readln();

extracts the value from the string as input from the line above and assigns it to price and outputs it.

stringstream (mystr) >> price;

price = StrToNum(readln());

C++ Notes

C++ Conditional Structures

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

"if (condition)  statement;

OR

if (condition)

{

     statements;

}

if

same as c++

"if (condition)

     statement;

else

     statement;

OR

if (condition)

{

     statements;

}

else

{

     statements;

}

if else

same as c++

use braces for blocks of multiple statements, as in the previous 2 examples.

if (condition)

    statement;

else if (condition)

    statement;

else

    statement;

if  -  else if  - else

same as c++

C++ Notes

C++ Loops

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

no braces needed for single line statements

while (expression)

{

    statements;

}

while

same as c++

no braces needed for single line statements

do

{

    statements;

}

while (condition);

do - while

do

{

    statements;

}

until (condition);

no braces needed for single line statements

for (initialization; condition; increase/decrease)

{

    statements;

}

for

same as c++

refer to the main site, for more info.

allows you to put more than one expression in any of the fields in a for loop using a comma.

for with comma operator

not used/supported

C++ Notes

C++ Jump Statements

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

leave any loop even if the condition is not fulfilled.

for (initialization; condition; increase/decrease)

{

    statements;

    if (condition)

    {

        statements;

        break;

    }

}

break

skip current iteration and continue with the next

for (initialization; condition; increase/decrease)

{

    if (condition) continue;

    statements;

}

continue

absolute jump from the goto to the labeled position. The label is followed by a :

statements;

goto stargate;

statements;

stargate:

statements;

goto   our label is stargate:

exitcode of 0 terminated normally

void exit (int exitcode);

exit function

there can be a long list of case constants, just listed 2 for this example.

default is an optional label

switch (expression)

{

    case constant1:

         statements;

         break;

    case constant2:

         statements;

         break;

    default:

         statements;

}

switch

select (expression)

{

    case constant1:

         statements;

         break;

    case constant2:

         statements;

         break;

    default:

         statements;

}

select is used and switch is an acceptable alias. everything else is the same.

C++ Notes

C++ Functions Arguments Passed by Value

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

type is the type of the return value

type name (param1, param2,...)

{

    statements;

}

int addition (int a, int b)

{

    int r;

    r = a+b;

    return (r);

}

sub addition (int a, int b),int

{

    int r;

    r = a+b;

    return r;

}

the int at the end is the type of the return value.

calling the function above and getting a value back

int z;

z = addition (5,3);

same as c++

no type function

void printmessage ()

{

    cout << "I'm a function");

}

sub printmessage ()

{

    print("I'm a function");

}

calling the function above and not expecting a value back

printmessage ();

printmessage ();

C++ Notes

C++ Functions Arguments Passed by Reference

Aurora Notes

if we call the function to the right with:

int x=1, y=3, z=7;

doubleValue(x,y,z);

since the function was passing arguments by reference, any change we do within the function on a,b and c will affect the values of x, y and z outside of the function. So x=2, y=6 and z=14 after the function call.

void doubleValue(int& a, int& b, int& c)

{

    a = a * 2;

    b = b * 2;

    c = c * 2;

}

C++ Notes

C++ Functions Default Values in Parameters

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

the second parameter is the one with an assigned default value. If no second parameter is sent, then in this case, 2 would be used. divide (12); would return 6. divide (20,4) would return 5, the 4 would replace the 2 since it was specified.

int divide (int a, int b=2)

{

    int r;

    r = a / b;

    return (r);

}

C++ Notes

C++ Overloaded Functions

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

2 different functions can have the same name if their parameter types or number of parameters are different. a function cannot be overloaded only by its return type. at least one of its parameters must have a different type.

int operate (int a, int b)

{

    return (a/b);

}

float operate (float a, float b)

{

    return (a/b);

}

C++ Notes

C++ Inline Functions

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Inline specifier is an optimization specifier. Represents an overhead advantage for very short functions.

inline type name ( arguments...)

{

    statements;

}

C++ Notes

C++ Recursivity of Functions

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Recursivity is the property that functions have to be called by themselves.

long factorial (long a)

{

        return (a * factorial (a-1);

    else

        return (1);

}

C++ Notes

C++ Declaring Functions

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Declaring is just a prototype of the function before it is used. You end it with a ; like a normal statment. For the parameters, only the type is required, the name is optional. These are placed near the beginning of your program.

Both of these would work:

void odd (int);

void even (int a);

C++ Notes

C++ Initalizing Arrays

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Possibility to assign initial values to each one of its elements by enclosing the values in braces { }.

int a [5] = { 16,2,77,40,12071};

Empty brackets, the compiler will assume a size for the array by the number of values included.

int a [ ] = { 16,2,77,40,12071};

Multidimensional array initialization

int a[2] [3];

C++ Notes

C++ Accessing Values of Arrays

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

Place the value 75 into the third element of the array a.

a[2]=75;

The value of the third element of array a will be passed to variable b.

b=a[2];

C++ Notes

C++ Arrays as Parameters

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

In order to accept arrays as parameters, when declaring the function, specify in its parameters the element type of the array, an identifier and []

void procedure (int arg[])

To pass to this function an array declared as:

int myarray [40];

It would be enough to write a call like this:

procedure (myarray);

A function with a multidimensional array as argument could be: The first brackets are left blank.

void procedure (int myarray[][3][4])

C++ Notes

C++ Arrays for Character Sequences

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes

\0 is the null character.

We can initialize the array of char elements called myword with a null-terminated sequence of characters by either one of these two methods:

char myword[]={'H','e','l','l','o','\0'};

or

char myword[]="Hello";

C++ Notes

C++ Pointers

Aurora or Equivalent

Aurora Notes